Bob Marley
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Bob Marley |
Bob Marley performing in concert, circa 1980. |
| Background information |
| Birth name | Robert Nesta Marley |
| Also known as | Tuff Gong |
| Born | 6 February 1945
Nine Mile, Saint Ann, Jamaica |
| Died | 11 May 1981 (aged 36)
Miami, Florida, U.S. |
| Genres | Reggae, ska, rocksteady |
| Occupations | Singer-songwriter, musician |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar, piano, saxophone, harmonica, percussion |
| Years active | 1962–1981 |
| Labels | Studio One, Upsetter, Tuff Gong |
| Associated acts | Bob Marley & The Wailers, Wailers Band, The Upsetters, I Threes |
| Website | bobmarley.com |
Robert Nesta "Bob" Marley,
OM (6 February 1945 – 11 May 1981) was a
Jamaican singer-songwriter and musician. He was the rhythm guitarist and lead singer for the
ska,
rocksteady and
reggae band
Bob Marley & The Wailers (1963–1981). Marley remains the most widely known and revered performer of reggae music, and is credited with helping spread both
Jamaican music and the
Rastafari movement to a worldwide audience.
[1]
Marley's music was heavily influenced by the social issues of his homeland, and he is considered to have given voice to the specific political and cultural nexus of Jamaica.
[2] His best-known hits include "
I Shot the Sheriff", "
No Woman, No Cry", "
Could You Be Loved", "
Stir It Up", "
Jamming", "
Redemption Song", "
One Love" and, together with The Wailers, "
Three Little Birds",
[3] as well as the posthumous releases "
Buffalo Soldier" and "
Iron Lion Zion". The compilation album
Legend (1984), released three years after his death, is reggae's best-selling album, going ten times
Platinum (Diamond) in the U.S.,
[4] and selling 25 million copies worldwide.
[5][6]
Early life and career
Bob Marley was born in the village of
Nine Mile in
Saint Ann Parish,
Jamaica as Nesta Robert Marley.
[7] A Jamaican passport official would later swap his first and middle names.
[8] His father,
Norval Sinclair Marley, was a white Jamaican of mixed and English descent whose family came from
Essex, England. Norval was a captain in the
Royal Marines, as well as a plantation overseer, when he married
Cedella Booker, an
Afro-Jamaican then 18 years old.
[9] Norval provided financial support for his wife and child, but seldom saw them, as he was often away on trips. In 1955, when Marley was 10 years old, his father died of a heart attack at age 70.
[10] Marley faced questions about his own racial identity throughout his life. He once reflected:
I don't have prejudice against meself. My father was a white and my mother was black. Them call me half-caste or whatever. Me don't dip on nobody's side. Me don't dip on the black man's side nor the white man's side. Me dip on God's side, the one who create me and cause me to come from black and white.[11]
The Bob Marley House in Nine Mile is a home that he shared with his mother during his youth
Although Marley recognised his mixed ancestry, throughout his life and because of his beliefs, he self-identified as a
black African, following the ideas of
Pan-African leaders. Marley stated that his two biggest influences were the African-centered
Marcus Garvey and
Haile Selassie. A central theme in Bob Marley's message was the
repatriation of black people to
Zion, which in his view was
Ethiopia, or more generally, Africa.
[12] In songs such as "Black Survivor", "Babylon System", and "Blackman Redemption", Marley sings about the struggles of blacks and Africans against oppression from the West or "Babylon".
[13]
Marley became friends with Neville "Bunny" Livingston (later known as
Bunny Wailer), with whom he started to play music. He left school at the age of 14 to make music with
Joe Higgs, a local singer and devout
Rastafari. At a
jam session with Higgs and Livingston, Marley met Peter McIntosh (later known as
Peter Tosh), who had similar musical ambitions.
[14] In 1962, Marley recorded his first two singles, "
Judge Not" and "One Cup of Coffee", with local music producer
Leslie Kong. These songs, released on the
Beverley's label under the pseudonym of Bobby Martell,
[15] attracted little attention. The songs were later re-released on the
box set Songs of Freedom, a posthumous collection of Marley's work.
Bob Marley & the Wailers
1963–1974
Marley in concert in 1980, Zurich Switzerland
In 1963, Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, Peter Tosh,
Junior Braithwaite,
Beverley Kelso, and
Cherry Smith formed a ska and rocksteady group, calling themselves "The Teenagers". They later changed their name to "The Wailing Rudeboys", then to "The Wailing Wailers", at which point they were discovered by record producer
Coxsone Dodd, and finally to "The Wailers". By 1966, Braithwaite, Kelso, and Smith had left The Wailers, leaving the core trio of Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, and Peter Tosh.
[16]
In 1966, Marley married
Rita Anderson, and moved near his mother's residence in
Wilmington, Delaware in the United States for a short time, during which he worked as a
DuPont lab assistant and on the assembly line at a
Chrysler plant, under the alias Donald Marley.
[17]
Though raised in the Catholic tradition, Marley became captivated by
Rastafarian beliefs in the 1960s, when away from his mother's influence.
[18] Formally converted to Rastafari after returning to Jamaica, Marley began to wear his trademark
dreadlocks (
see the religion section for more on Marley's religious views). After a conflict with Dodd, Marley and his band teamed up with
Lee "Scratch" Perry and his studio band,
The Upsetters. Although the alliance lasted less than a year, they recorded what many consider The Wailers' finest work. Marley and Perry split after a dispute regarding the assignment of recording rights, but they would remain friends and work together again.
Between 1968 and 1972, Bob and Rita Marley, Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer re-cut some old tracks with
JAD Records in
Kingston and London in an attempt to commercialise The Wailers' sound. Bunny later asserted that these songs "should never be released on an album ... they were just demos for record companies to listen to". Also in 1968, Bob and Rita visited
the Bronx to see
Johnny Nash's songwriter
Jimmy Norman.
[21] A three-day jam session with Norman and others, including Norman's co-writer Al Pyfrom, resulted in a 24-minute tape of Marley performing several of his own and Norman-Pyfrom's compositions. This tape is, according to Reggae archivist
Roger Steffens, rare in that it was influenced by pop rather than reggae, as part of an effort to break Marley into the American charts.
[21] According to an article in
The New York Times, Marley experimented on the tape with different sounds, adopting a
doo-wop style on "Stay With Me" and "the slow love song style of 1960's artists" on "Splish for My Splash".
[21] An artist yet to establish himself outside his native Jamaica, Marley lived in Ridgmount Gardens,
Camden, London during 1972.
[20][19]
In 1972, the Wailers entered into an ill-fated deal with
CBS Records and embarked on a tour with American soul singer
Johnny Nash. Broke, the Wailers became stranded in London. Marley turned up at
Island Records founder and producer
Chris Blackwell's London office, and asked him to advance the cost of a new single. Since
Jimmy Cliff, Island's top reggae star, had recently left the label, Blackwell was primed for a replacement. In Marley, Blackwell recognized the elements needed to snare the rock audience: "I was dealing with rock music, which was really rebel music. I felt that would really be the way to break Jamaican music. But you needed someone who could be that image. When Bob walked in he really was that image."
[22] Blackwell told Marley he wanted The Wailers to record a complete album (essentially unheard of at the time). When Marley told him it would take between £3,000 and £4,000, Blackwell trusted him with the greater sum. Despite their "rude boy" reputation, the Wailers returned to Kingston and honored the deal, delivering the album
Catch A Fire.
Primarily recorded on eight-track at Harry J's in Kingston,
Catch A Fire marked the first time a reggae band had access to a state-of-the-art studio and were accorded the same care as their rock'n'roll peers.
[22] Blackwell desired to create "more of a drifting, hypnotic-type feel than a reggae rhythm",
[23] and restructured Marley's mixes and arrangements. Marley travelled to London to supervise Blackwell's overdubbing of the album, which included tempering the mix from the bass-heavy sound of Jamaican music, and omitting two tracks.
[22]
The Wailers' first major label album,
Catch a Fire was released worldwide in April 1973, packaged like a rock record with a unique
Zippo lighter lift-top. Initially selling 14,000 units, it didn't make Marley a star, but received a positive critical reception.
[22] It was followed later that year by
Burnin', which included the standout songs "
Get Up, Stand Up", and "
I Shot the Sheriff", which appealed to the ear of
Eric Clapton. He recorded a
cover of the track in 1974 which became a huge American hit, raising Marley's international profile.
[24] Many Jamaicans were not keen on the new "improved" reggae sound on
Catch A Fire, but the
Trenchtown style of
Burnin' found fans across both reggae and rock audiences.
[22]
During this period, Blackwell gifted his Kingston residence and company headquarters at 56 Hope Road (then known as Island House) to Marley. Housing Tuff Gong Studios, the property became not only Marley's office, but also his home.
[22]
The Wailers were scheduled to open 17 shows for the number one black act in the States,
Sly and the Family Stone. After 4 shows, the band was fired because they were more popular than the acts they were opening for.
[25] The Wailers broke up in 1974 with each of the three main members pursuing solo careers. The reason for the breakup is shrouded in conjecture; some believe that there were disagreements amongst Bunny, Peter, and Bob concerning performances, while others claim that Bunny and Peter simply preferred solo work.
1974–1981
Despite the break-up, Marley continued recording as "Bob Marley & The Wailers". His new
backing band included brothers
Carlton and
Aston "Family Man" Barrett on drums and bass respectively,
Junior Marvin and
Al Anderson on lead guitar,
Tyrone Downie and
Earl "Wya" Lindo on keyboards, and
Alvin "Seeco" Patterson on percussion. The "
I Threes", consisting of
Judy Mowatt,
Marcia Griffiths, and Marley's wife, Rita, provided backing vocals. In 1975, Marley had his international breakthrough with his first hit outside Jamaica, "
No Woman, No Cry", from the
Natty Dread album. This was followed by his breakthrough album in the United States,
Rastaman Vibration (1976), which spent four weeks on the
Billboard Hot 100.
[26] In December 1976, two days before "
Smile Jamaica", a free concert organised by the
Jamaican Prime Minister Michael Manley in an attempt to ease tension between two warring political groups, Marley, his wife, and manager Don Taylor were wounded in an assault by unknown gunmen inside Marley's home. Taylor and Marley's wife sustained serious injuries, but later made full recoveries. Bob Marley received minor wounds in the chest and arm. The shooting was thought to have been politically motivated, as many felt the concert was really a support rally for Manley. Nonetheless, the concert proceeded, and an injured Marley performed as scheduled, two days after the attempt. When asked why, Marley responded, "The people who are trying to make this world worse aren’t taking a day off. How can I?" The members of the group
Zap Pow, which had no radical religious or political beliefs, played as Bob Marley's backup band before a festival crowd of 80,000 while members of The Wailers were still missing or in hiding.
[27][28]
Marley left Jamaica at the end of 1976, and after a month-long "recovery and writing" sojourn at the site of Chris Blackwell's
Compass Point Studios in
Nassau, Bahamas, arrived in England, where he spent two years in self-imposed exile. Whilst there he recorded the albums
Exodus and
Kaya.
Exodus stayed on the British album charts for 56 consecutive weeks. It included four UK hit singles: "Exodus", "Waiting in Vain", "Jamming", and "
One Love" (a rendition of
Curtis Mayfield's hit, "
People Get Ready"). During his time in London, he was arrested and received a conviction for
possession of a small quantity of
cannabis.
[29] In 1978, Marley returned to Jamaica and performed at another political concert, the
One Love Peace Concert, again in an effort to calm warring parties. Near the end of the performance, by Marley's request, Michael Manley (leader of then-ruling
People's National Party) and his political rival
Edward Seaga (leader of the opposing
Jamaica Labour Party), joined each other on stage and shook hands.
[30]
Under the name Bob Marley and the Wailers eleven albums were released, four live albums and seven studio albums. The releases included
Babylon by Bus, a double live album with thirteen tracks, were released in 1978 and received critical acclaim. This album, and specifically the final track "Jamming" with the audience in a frenzy, captured the intensity of Marley's live performances.
[31]
"Marley wasn’t singing about how peace could come easily to the World but rather how hell on Earth comes too easily to too many. His songs were his memories; he had lived with the wretched, he had seen the downpressers and those whom they pressed down."
, a defiant and politically charged album, was released in 1979. Tracks such as "Zimbabwe", "
Africa Unite", "Wake Up and Live", and "Survival" reflected Marley's support for the struggles of Africans. His appearance at the
Amandla Festival in
Boston in July 1979 showed his strong opposition to South African
apartheid, which he already had shown in his song "
War" in 1976. In early 1980, he was invited to perform at the 17 April celebration of
Zimbabwe's Independence Day.
Uprising (1980) was Bob Marley's final studio album, and is one of his most religious productions; it includes "Redemption Song" and "Forever Loving Jah".
[33] Confrontation, released posthumously in 1983, contained unreleased material recorded during Marley's lifetime, including the hit "
Buffalo Soldier" and new mixes of singles previously only available in Jamaica.
[34]
Personal life
Religion
Bob Marley was a member of the Rastafari movement, whose culture was a key element in the development of reggae. Bob Marley became an ardent proponent of Rastafari, taking their music out of the socially deprived areas of Jamaica and onto the international music scene. He once gave the following response, which was typical, to a question put to him during a recorded interview:
- Interviewer: "Can you tell the people what it means being a Rastafarian?"
- Bob: "I would say to the people, Be still, and know that His Imperial Majesty, Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia is the Almighty. Now, the Bible seh so, Babylon newspaper seh so, and I and I the children seh so. Yunno? So I don't see how much more reveal our people want. Wha' dem want? a white God, well God come black. True true."[35]
Observant of the Rastafari practice
Ital, a diet that shuns meat, Marley was a vegetarian.
[36] According to his biographers, he affiliated with the
Twelve Tribes Mansion. He was in the denomination known as "Tribe of Joseph", because he was born in February (each of the twelve sects being composed of members born in a different month). He signified this in his album
liner notes, quoting the portion from
Genesis that includes Jacob's blessing to his son
Joseph. Marley was baptised by the
Archbishop of the
Ethiopian Orthodox Church in Kingston, Jamaica, on 4 November 1980.
[37][38]
Family
Bob Marley had a number of children: three with his wife Rita, two adopted from Rita's previous relationships, and several others with different women. The Bob Marley official website acknowledges eleven children.
Those listed on the official site are:
- Sharon, born 23 November 1964, to Rita in previous relationship
- Cedella born 23 August 1967, to Rita
- David "Ziggy", born 17 October 1968, to Rita
- Stephen, born 20 April 1972, to Rita
- Robert "Robbie", born 16 May 1972, to Pat Williams
- Rohan, born 19 May 1972, to Janet Hunt
- Karen, born 1973 to Janet Bowen
- Stephanie, born 17 August 1974; according to Cedella Booker she was the daughter of Rita and a man called Ital with whom Rita had an affair; nonetheless she was acknowledged as Bob's daughter
- Julian, born 4 June 1975, to Lucy Pounder
- Ky-Mani, born 26 February 1976, to Anita Belnavis
- Damian, born 21 July 1978, to Cindy Breakspeare
Makeda was born on 30 May 1981, to Yvette Crichton, after Marley's death.
[39] Meredith Dixon's book lists her as Marley's child, but she is not listed as such on the Bob Marley official website.
Various websites, for example,
[40] also list Imani Carole, born 22 May 1963 to Cheryl Murray; but she does not appear on the official Bob Marley website.
[39]
Bob Marley, as with many Jamaicans, was an avid
football fan. There are reports that say Marley could have gone professional. In particular he stated in a chance meeting in Australia with former
Celtic F.C. striker
Dixie Deans that he was a huge Celtic fan. According to Deans he could recite the entire
1966–67 European Cup winning team and had longing to grace the turf of
Celtic Park one day.
Final years and death
Marley performing in at Dalymount Park in the late 1970s
In July 1977, Marley was found to have a
type of malignant melanoma under the nail of one of his toes. Contrary to
urban legend, this
lesion was not primarily caused by an injury during a football match in that year, but was instead a symptom of the already existing cancer. Marley turned down doctors' advice to have his toe amputated, citing his religious beliefs.
[41] Despite his illness, he continued touring and was in the process of scheduling a world tour in 1980. The intention was for
Inner Circle to be his opening act on the tour but after their lead singer
Jacob Miller died in Jamaica in March 1980 after returning from a scouting mission in
Brazil this was no longer mentioned.
[42]
The album
Uprising was released in May 1980 (produced by Chris Blackwell), on which "
Redemption Song" is particularly considered to be about Marley coming to terms with his mortality.
[43] The band completed a major tour of Europe, where they played their biggest concert, to a hundred thousand people in Milan. After the tour Marley went to America, where he performed two shows at
Madison Square Garden as part of the
Uprising Tour.
The final concert of Bob Marley's career was held September 23, 1980 at the Stanley Theater (now called The Benedum Center For The Performing Arts) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The audio recording of that concert is now available on CD, vinyl, and digital music services.
Shortly after, Marley's health deteriorated and he became very ill; the cancer had spread throughout his body. The rest of the tour was cancelled and Marley sought treatment at the
Bavarian clinic of
Josef Issels, where he received a
controversial type of cancer therapy partly based on avoidance of certain foods, drinks, and other substances. After fighting the cancer without success for eight months, Marley boarded a plane for his home in Jamaica.
[44]
While flying home from Germany to Jamaica, Marley's vital functions worsened. After landing in
Miami, Florida, he was taken to the hospital for immediate medical attention. He died at
Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Miami (now University of Miami Hospital) on the morning of May 11, 1981, at the age of 36. The spread of
melanoma to his lungs and brain caused his death. His final words to his son
Ziggy were "Money can't buy life".
[45] Marley received a
state funeral in Jamaica on 21 May 1981, which combined elements of
Ethiopian Orthodoxy and Rastafari tradition.
[46] He was buried in a chapel near his birthplace with his red
Gibson Les Paul (some accounts say it was a
Fender Stratocaster).
[47]
On 21 May 1981,
Jamaican Prime Minister Edward Seaga delivered the final funeral
eulogy to Marley, declaring:
His voice was an omnipresent cry in our electronic world. His sharp features, majestic looks, and prancing style a vivid etching on the landscape of our minds. Bob Marley was never seen. He was an experience which left an indelible imprint with each encounter. Such a man cannot be erased from the mind. He is part of the collective consciousness of the nation.
[48]
Legacy
Marley has remained popular for decades after his death—one of many memorials to him is this representation at
Madame Tussaud Wax Museum in Amsterdam
Bob Marley was the
Third World's first pop superstar. He was the man who introduced the world to the mystic power of
reggae. He was a true rocker at heart, and as a songwriter, he brought the lyrical force of
Bob Dylan, the personal charisma of
John Lennon, and the essential vocal stylings of
Smokey Robinson into one voice.
In 1999
Time magazine chose Bob Marley & The Wailers'
Exodus as the greatest album of the 20th century.
[50] In 2001, he was posthumously awarded the
Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, and a feature-length documentary about his life,
Rebel Music, won various awards at the
Grammys. With contributions from Rita, The Wailers, and Marley's lovers and children, it also tells much of the story in his own words.
[51] A statue was inaugurated, next to the national stadium on Arthur Wint Drive in Kingston to commemorate him. In 2006, the State of New York renamed a portion of Church Avenue from Remsen Avenue to East 98th Street in the
East Flatbush section of
Brooklyn "Bob Marley Boulevard".
[52] In 2008, a statue of Marley was inaugurated in
Banatski Sokolac,
Serbia.
[53]
Internationally, Marley’s message also continues to reverberate amongst various
indigenous communities. For instance, the
Aboriginal people of Australia continue to burn a sacred flame to honor his memory in Sydney’s
Victoria Park, while members of the Native American
Hopi and
Havasupai tribe revere his work.
[54] There are also many tributes to Bob Marley throughout
India, including restaurants, hotels, and cultural
festivals.
[55][56]
Marley has also evolved into a global symbol, which has been endlessly merchandised through a variety of mediums. In light of this, author
Dave Thompson in his book
Reggae and Caribbean Music, laments what he perceives to be the commercialized pacification of Marley's more militant edge, stating:
Bob Marley ranks among both the most popular and the most misunderstood figures in modern culture ... That the machine has utterly emasculated Marley is beyond doubt. Gone from the public record is the ghetto kid who dreamed of
Che Guevara and the
Black Panthers, and pinned their
posters up in the Wailers Soul Shack record store; who believed in freedom; and the fighting which it necessitated, and dressed the part on an early album sleeve; whose heroes were
James Brown and
Muhammad Ali; whose God was
Ras Tafari and whose sacrament was
marijuana. Instead, the Bob Marley who surveys his kingdom today is smiling benevolence, a shining sun, a waving palm tree, and a string of hits which tumble out of polite radio like candy from a gumball machine. Of course it has assured his
immortality. But it has also demeaned him beyond recognition. Bob Marley was worth far more.
[57]
Film adaptation(s)
In February 2008, director
Martin Scorsese announced his intention to produce a documentary movie on Marley. The film was set to be released on 6 February 2010, on what would have been Marley's 65th birthday.
[58] Recently, however, Scorsese dropped out due to scheduling problems. He is being replaced by
Jonathan Demme.
[59]
In March 2008,
The Weinstein Company announced its plans to produce a
biopic of Bob Marley, based on the book
No Woman No Cry: My Life With Bob Marley by
Rita Marley. Rudy Langlais will produce the script by
Lizzie Borden and Rita Marley will be executive producer.
[60]
Discography
Awards and honors
See also
References
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- ^ a b Dixon, Meredith. "Lovers and Children of the Natural Mystic: The Story of Bob Marley, Women and their Children". The Dread Library. Retrieved 21 June 2007.
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- ^ "A Death by Skin Cancer? The Bob Marley Story". The Tribune. 11 April 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2011]].
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